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          <h1>PARADIGMS OF PASTORAL CARE.</h1>
<h2>I am presently rewriting this document. Please check back later for a Updated Version.</h2>
<div class=heading3>Author:<a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/111875209479298778013/about" 
        rel="author" 
        style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">  Trevor Forrester BMin AdvDipTh.</a></div> 
        <div class=heading3> Synopsis.</div><br /><br />
        <div><p class="MsoNormal"> It is the purpose of this essay to examine three paradigms or
  theological images of Pastoral care and comment on their usefulness for the
  practical ministry.</p></div>
          <p class="MsoNormal">The three paradigms chosen for this essay are, Jesus
  himself, the Shepherd, and Incarnation as a model of pastoral care.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">It is hoped that as each paradigm is discussed in
  isolation that a clear idea can be gauged about their effectiveness as well as
  some of their pitfalls. As a paradigm, Jesus own model is of course without
  fault, however because we unlike Jesus have fallen and are unable to 100%
  replicate his model, we are left with the task of finding a paradigm of our
  own which we can model and in the process become effective Pastoral carers.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Finally each of the paradigms discussed will be compared
  to the definition of Pastoral care as laid out by W. Clebsch &amp; C. Jaekle
  to give as solid a foundation as possible that they might be worthy of
  acceptance by those involved in care, be they professional or laity.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<o:p>
          </o:p>
          </p>
          <hr>
          <p class="MsoNormal">As a paradigm for pastoral ministry what greater model
  can there be than that which is the life of Jesus himself. Jesus was first and
  foremost, a minister<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[1]</span></sup></span></a>(see
  Hebrews 8:2), and as such there was nothing more natural for him than to
  exercise his ministry among the many who sort his power to alleviate their
  needs<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[2]</span></sup></span></a>.
  J.T. Holland<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[3]</span></sup></span></a>
  discusses the issues of the Greek word for ministry (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Symbol">diakonia</span></b>) and sets out how it was enlarged and transformed by
  Jesus' own ministry. The term was used of those who execute the commands of
  others<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[4]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Jesus' model of ministry was characterised by his
  authority<a name="JesusAuthority"></a>, his ability to attract people to
  himself and his ability to meet people where they were at. People could tell
  that he had power, they could see in the way he conducted himself that he was
  in control. This is no more clearly seen that in the episode recorded in
  Mark's gospel (Mark 1:27) where the people are amazed at his teaching because
  it was with authority that he commanded the unclean spirit. In his
  introduction to Dietrich Bonhoeffer's book &quot;Spiritual Care&quot;, Jay
  Rochelle expresses his agreement with Bonhoeffer, that the Christian Pastor is
  the representative of Jesus' authority and as such, &quot;should be exemplar
  for bearing&quot;<a style="mso-footnote-id: 
ftn5" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[5]</span></sup></span></a>.
  Thus in it's practical outworking this can be seen to be an important aspect
  for any who would call themselves minister or servant after Christ.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">An important point to recognise about Jesus authority was
  his own awareness of it. Jesus was aware of his ability to have authority to
  forgive sin, to confer that authority to his disciples and his power over the
  law<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[6]</span></sup></span></a>.
  It is this self awareness that holds the essence of this paradigm for
  ministry. <a name="JesusDependency"></a>Jesus as one who had the authority
  just outlined was aware of his own relationship with God. He knew that his
  authority was dependent on that relationship and his use of imagery through
  out the gospels depicts this dependency. For example in John's gospel Jesus
  talks about his dependency on the Father (John 8:28).</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">For the practical ministry it should be obvious that to
  fail to recognise dependence on Christ, (here assuming Christ equals Father
  and Son as one) cannot but lead to a sense of inadequacy as one searches for
  answers to the spiritual dilemmas that identify Pastoral Care from
  Psychological care of a secular nature. Clinebell talks about spiritual growth
  as an objective of all caring and counselling, and it being somewhat unique in
  the field of those who care at a professional level<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[7]</span></sup></span></a>.
  This of course could be extrapolated to cover all care and counselling at all
  levels, be it lay or professional. God is the essential element of what the
  Christian is about.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Another important characteristic of Jesus ministry is his
  concern for people, be that a large group or an individual with individual
  needs<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[8]</span></sup></span></a>.
  In other words, Jesus had <a name="JesusCompassion"></a>compassion or empathy
  with those whom he ministered. Jesus often used the shepherd metaphor to
  describe his role and it will be discussed later in this essay. The Shepherd
  therefore can also stand alone as a paradigm for pastoral ministry.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">It was within the context of being a shepherd that Jesus
  expressed his compassion in such verses as Matthew 9:36. Further Jesus'
  compassion can be seen in Mark 6:34 and Luke 15:20 as well in Mark 1:41 where
  he was moved to heal the leper. What good would it do to minister without
  compassion, what possible hope could be seen by those who are being ministered
  to, if they were unable to sense understanding within the one they had turned
  to for help<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[9]</span></sup></span></a>?</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">This ability to have empathy or as Browning puts it
  &quot;to be sensitive&quot; to others, is a direct by-product of Jesus'
  awareness of his own inner feelings. Jesus knew a proper expression of all
  human emotions and as such, he could cry when the time was appropriate, he
  could laugh, feel anger, pain, sorrow, and express love.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal"><a name="JesusEmotional"></a>Take the story of Lazarus in
  John 11:3, here Jesus expressed his love for a human being, he expressed his
  joy that his disciples were not there when Lazarus died (v15), and he wept
  over Lazarus (v35). Jesus reacted to each situation with appropriate emotion.
  Erickson points out that these emotions along with Jesus' astonishment at both
  positive and negative situations mark him as uniquely human<a style="mso-footnote-id: 
ftn10" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[10]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">As a model for practical ministry this is of the utmost
  importance, because like the prior point it is these qualities that enable the
  effective discharge of the Pastoral office. With out being in touch with their
  own emotions the minister/pastor cannot hope to find and identify with those
  to whom they work and guide<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[11]</span></sup></span></a>.
  From a practical point of view Howard Stone put this in words which are hard
  to replicate, &quot;In the name of God I am here for you......., I am a
  broken, human expression of that love, but you have my attention and care
  while we are together, and my prayers while we are apart.&quot;</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">The minister/pastor must like Christ understand
  themselves if they are to be effective.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">It can be seen then that Jesus had a relational quality
  about him, that was like a magnet to those around him (Mark 1:45). People
  sensed his warmth, approach-ability and his non judgemental style<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn12" href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[12]</span></sup></span></a>.
  People came because they sensed that they would be accepted, loved and cared
  for without being judged. This is expressed by the type of people who sort him
  out, (those who had the most to fear in a world where religion was bound by
  it's own rules and regulations) the publicans, the prostitutes and various
  numbers of sinners of all descriptions.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal"><a name="JesusConfronts"></a>Jesus was prepared to talk
  with them, he was prepared to deal with their issues, not matter how difficult
  it might be. Take for instance the issue of taxes to Caesar, Jesus was not
  afraid to take some issues head on when that was the appropriate course of
  action. Yet he could express great sensitivity when he confronted the Samaritan
  woman at the well. These again would be qualities that an effective
  pastoral carer should be able to express. What hope is a carer who fails to
  engage their fellow in dialogue or who fails to help them confront life’s
  problems and bring them in wholeness.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">This then is the model of Christ, a paradigm of empathy,
  warmth and genuineness. A practical outworking of love which meets and deals
  with the problems of the world with authority, a personal sense of self, an
  ability to <a name="JesusIncarnates"></a>transpose oneself into another’s
  situation and one which through acceptance allows all to feel free to partake
  of the grace of God. Jesus sense of ministry then was to bring others to
  wholeness and as a result of that see them achieve the ultimate relational
  lifestyle.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">A second paradigm for ministry is the metaphor of the
  Shepherd. This is a model that Jesus continually refers to throughout his
  ministry. This model could be bought to mind by it's image of courageous
  leadership<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[13]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">This is not however an image confined to New Testament
  times but rather this image has it's roots back in the Old Testament. Psalm 23
  for instance recalls the image of God being a shepherd and helper, while in
  passages such as 1 Samuel 17 there is the image of a defender as a shepherd
  who has rescued the lamb from the clutches of the lion. Seward Hiltner in
  &quot;The Christian Shepherd&quot; outlines two helpful characteristics of the
  shepherd as concern (or acceptance) and clarification (or judgement)<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn14" href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[14]</span></sup></span></a>.
  By his own admission these are not all the characteristics of a shepherd and
  the skill of shepherding is not in itself the full function of a person in the
  Pastoral role.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">This in a sense brings out one of the major flaws with
  this image in today's world. Due in some part to lack of concern or commitment
  over the years shepherding has been disassociated by many from the other
  aspects of the pastors role. Campbell calls this image a &quot;blank
  cheque&quot; on which can now be written the value we wish to give to caring<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn15" href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[15]</span></sup></span></a>.
  Harville Hendricks likewise feels that pastoral care is in need of a new
  paradigm, although he is reacting more to the priestly model<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[16]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Looking back to the twenty third psalm several internal
  images of the shepherd are bought in to acute focus.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Firstly the psalm speaks of a care for individual sheep<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[17]</span></sup></span></a>.
  This is the concern talked about by Hiltner, a concern which demonstrates that
  the shepherd can express their genuine concern for and acceptance of a person
  for who and what they are<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[18]</span></sup></span></a>.
  For shepherding to be taking place there has to acceptance of all the
  conflicts, negative feelings and sin that live within the one being cared for.
  This in practical ministry has the impact like that of Jesus who was not
  judgemental, allowing all to come and be ministered to<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn19" href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[19]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">The twenty third psalm goes onto talk about a shepherd
  giving rest, provision of daily sustenance, encouragement, guidance,
  instruction and security. All qualities necessary for the proper administering
  of a pastoral care role. These very qualities are all expressed in one term,
  Leader. It is the role of the shepherd to lead, for it is by following the
  shepherd that the sheep find that they are provided for. An important note
  here is that the shepherd leads rather than drives the flock. Jesus claimed
  the title Good Shepherd in John 10 and quotes Zechariah's prophecy of the
  smitten shepherd so that he could speak of his own death<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[20]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">It is unfortunate that history has not served this image
  well as Hiltner and Campbell have picked up. Hiltner as stated earlier sees
  shepherding as only part of the pastoral role, with organisation and
  communication being it's compliments. Yet the New and Old Testament model of
  shepherding clearly embraced all the facets of the pastoral office<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[21]</span></sup></span></a>.
  Take for instance the extended use of the shepherd in Ezekiel 34. It can also
  be seen from psalm twenty three that clearly organising and communicating with the flock where important parts of the shepherds task.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">There is a warning here for any who would down play the
  role of shepherd<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[22]</span></sup></span></a>.
  Taylor feels that all those who tend the flock will ultimately fail unless,
  “they honestly try to follow the pattern of the God Shepherd as set by Jesus
  himself”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[23]</span></sup></span></a>.
  Jeremiah 25:34-38 tells of the harsh punishment that will be metered out to
  those who fail.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Another criticism of the paradigm of the shepherd<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
          </span>and it's implication for practical ministry is that it creates
  dependency. Those who are following, in time become dependent on the shepherd
  and cannot function adequately without them. The negative aspect of this is
  that the shepherd is seen as having all wisdom and knowledge, while the flock
  is seen as naive or stupid<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn24" href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[24]</span></sup></span></a>.
  In his book &quot;Ministry in the Church&quot;, Paul Bernier looks at the
  historical progression of the office of Pastor/Minister/Bishop. He on several
  occasions points to the gradual break down of the shepherd paradigm over
  history and like Campbell he concludes there is a need to capture a new image
  of Pastoral Care<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[25]</span></sup></span></a>.
  He looks at the need within the church to reintegrate the laity into pastoral
  care<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[26]</span></sup></span></a>,
  giving sense of shared responsibility rather than using a hired agent only
  (Pastor). This is a reaction to the negative aspects mentioned a moment ago.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">It can be seen then that this biblical paradigm for
  pastoral care has been transformed by history in our understanding of it.
  Hence as a stand alone model in today's world it is found to come up somewhat
  short. It is the opinion of this author that this is not a fault with the
  image itself but rather with our application of it.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">A third paradigm for pastoral ministry is that of
  incarnation. This image of Pastoral care has many faces, however it’s
  essence lies in that the pastoral carer sees themselves taking with them the
  presence of Christ into each pastoral situation<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[27]</span></sup></span></a>.
  Likewise the incarnational model of Pastoral care is characterised by the
  taking of care to those in need, rather than waiting for them to seek help<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[28]</span></sup></span></a>.
  The use of incarnational theology identifies the caregiver with Christ and as
  such serves to combine the paradigm of shepherd and paradigm of Jesus himself<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[29]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Exponents of this type of pastoral care see their own
  presence in any situation as embodying the presence of Christ into that
  situation<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[30]</span></sup></span></a>.
  This embodying means that the carer literally becomes the means of grace to
  those whom they care. This personal identification with Christ adds both power
  and credibility to the carer’s presence. The care giver then becomes the
  mediator of God’s presence<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn31" href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[31]</span></sup></span></a>,
  and this leads to one of the first difficulties with this particular paradigm.
  Herbert Anderson in his article on, Incarnation as a Paradigm for pastoral
  care rightly points out that sometimes God uses absence as part of his
  methodology of strengthening his people. If then the presence of God is
  present whenever the carer is present, then the only time God is absent is
  when the carer is absent<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn32" href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[32]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">This raises another issue which bears in today’s world
  some thought. There are many who work in Christian ministry who have little or
  indirect links with the church. Take for instance those who serve in a
  hospital chaplaincy role or those who work within the welfare portion of our
  society. If the incarnation of Christ is not through the church alone then
  incarnational pastoral care allows these pastoral carers a legitimacy which
  breaks the bounds of ecclesiastical barriers<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[33]</span></sup></span></a>.
  Anderson sees a danger here: “Incarnation as identification is in danger of
  becoming a privatistic approach to faith and ministry that is not consistent
  with the corporate image of the body of Christ from Scripture<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn34" href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[34]</span></sup></span></a>”.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">As mentioned earlier there are other faces to this
  paradigm of pastoral care. Incarnational Pastoral care is used extensively by
  those in Urban Mission and Mission to indigenous peoples. Floyd McClung in his
  book<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn35" href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[35]</span></sup></span></a>
  talks about the story of Catherine Booth and how she won the admiration of
  many for her Incarnational approach to ministry. McClung points out that
  Catherine with her life declared the words of John 1:14. The Word had become
  flesh and dwelt among those to whom they were ministering to. Catherine like
  so many others had embodied the heart of the Gospel message<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn36" href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[36]</span></sup></span></a>,
  she had in obedience to Christ’s command Incarnated herself into the culture
  where she was to work, and pastorally cared for the lost of Paris.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">As a paradigm for pastoral ministry this is today one of
  the most effective forms of taking the care of God to his people. When the
  Paradigm that is represented by Jesus’ ministry was discussed earlier it was
  noted that one of the goals of Jesus was to Incarnate or place himself within
  the person’s situation to whom he ministered. Be that of course an
  individual or a group, Jesus by his very presence was the Incarnation of God.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">McClung states, “The Christian presence that is
  divorced from the example of the Lord Jesus is not Christian”<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn37" href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[37]</span></sup></span></a>.
  This may be to some a bit of overkill, but as the paradigms of both Jesus and
  the Shepherd are examined it can be extrapolated that if the Pastoral Carer
  fails to meet those to whom they wish to care, at their place of need, then
  they can be of little or no use to those people.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">As a Pastoral Carer, it is possible to live a life that
  is not incarnational<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn38" href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[38]</span></sup></span></a>,
  however as a model, Jesus has given the examples of his own life and has
  himself embraced the title of the Good Shepherd. This means that the Pastoral
  Carer has like the Shepherd, the need to be with the flock day and night. To
  be an effective paradigm for pastoral ministry any image needs to embrace this
  essential element. Incarnation is becoming one with the people<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn39" href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[39]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Harriet Hill takes an honest look at this type of
  ministry in a mission context (to indigenous peoples) and points out that
  there are areas where carers cannot cross the cultural boundaries<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn40" href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[40]</span></sup></span></a>.
  The secret lies in knowing and understanding one’s own limitations, in the
  same way that Christ did.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">As has become obvious there has been some discourse over
  recent time as to the necessity for finding or rediscovering a new paradigm
  for pastoral care. Both Campbell an Donald Messer<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn41" href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[41]</span></sup></span></a>
  devote entire books to this very subject while others such as Hendricks are
  active journalistically. Hendricks<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn42" href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[42]</span></sup></span></a>
  suggests that any model should contain those elements found in the definition
  of Pastoral care given by W. Clebsch &amp; C. Jaekle<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn43" href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[43]</span></sup></span></a>.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">To finally assess the effectiveness of these three
  paradigms let them stand against the four elements of Pastoral Care mentioned
  by Clebsch and Jaekle and be judged. Thus applying these to the three
  paradigms of ministry covered here, that of Jesus, Shepherd and Incarnation,
  it should be possible to draw together both their individual and corporate
  value for effective ministry.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Looking firstly at Healing, it is immediately obvious
  that Jesus came to heal both Spiritually and Physically. The Shepherds role is
  to by continual care of the flock,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>heal
  any sickness that might be contracted, and thirdly, Incarnation of the carers
  presence into pastoral situations bring the healing presence of God. All three
  paradigm satisfy this element of Pastoral Care.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Secondly the element of Sustaining is by nature
  commensurate with the model of Jesus. Jesus came to sustain those to whom he
  ministered, as per the example of the spiritual feeding he gave through his
  words and the physical feeding he gave to those involved in the feeding of the
  four thousand in Mark chapter eight. The Shepherd is by definition some one
  who is responsible for sustaining his flock and again it can be seen why Jesus
  claimed this title for himself. The Incarnational model of ministry, because
  it leads to the imputing of Christ into the caring situation has also the
  potential to sustain.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Thirdly all three paradigms are about guiding people to
  Christ and hence ultimately to God. Jesus become the guiding light of the
  world, the Shepherd is forever a guide to his flock, and those involved in an
  in-carnational model of ministry are attempting to bring both of the former
  onto the stage of life.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">Finally, the element of reconciliation is again to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
          </span>be found with each of the three paradigms. Jesus reconciled people to
  God, the shepherd reconciled the lost to the herd and to himself and because
  the incarnational model is a reflection of both Jesus and the Shepherd its
  purpose is to embody the tasks of both.</p>
          <p class="MsoNormal">In conclusion it must be said that each of these
  paradigms are not only exemplar models of how the Pastoral Carer can carry out
  their ministry but that they if taken together, provide a most effective means
  by which a Pastoral Carer can emulate the ultimate Carer, God himself.</p>
          <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Brougham;
mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character:line-break;page-break-before:always">
          </span>
          <h1>&nbsp;<o:p>
          </o:p>
          </h1>
          <h1>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h1>
          <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<o:p>
          </o:p>
          </p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Adams, Jay E.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Shepherding God's Flock.</u> (Grand&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Rapids: Zondervan, 1975).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Anderson, Herbert,<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>“Incarnation and Pastoral Care”.&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Pastoral Psychology.</u> Volume 32 No 4.&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>(1984) 239-249.</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Bernier, Paul,<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Ministry in the Church.</u> (Mystic,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Connecticut: Twenty Third&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:
2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Publications, 1992).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, <u>Spiritual Care.</u>
  (translated by Jay&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:
1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>C. Rochelle: Philadelphia: Fortress&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Press, 1985).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Campbell, Alastair V. <u>Rediscovering Pastoral Care.</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>(Darton Longman &amp; Todd: London,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>1995).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Clebsch, W. &amp; Jaekle, C. <u>Pastoral Care in
  Historical</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Perspective.</u> (New York: Harper and&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Row, 1964).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Elwell, Walter, A. ed. <u>Evangelical Dictionary of</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Theology.</u> (Grand Rapids: Baker&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Bookhouse, 1994).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Erickson, Millard J. <u>Christian Theology.</u> (Grand
  Rapids:&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Baker Bookhouse, 1985).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Hill, Harriet,<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>“Incarnational Ministry: A Critical&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Examination”. <u>Evangelical Missions</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Quarterly.</u> Volume 26 (1990) 196-201.</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Hendricks, Harville, “Pastoral Counselling: In Search
  of&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>a New Paradigm”. <u>Pastoral Psychology.</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Volume 25 Number 3 (1977) 157-172.</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Hiltner, Seward,<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>The Christian Shepherd.</u> (Nashville:&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Abingdon Press, 1980).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Holland, J.T.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>&quot;Jesus, A Model for Ministry.&quot; <u>The</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Journal of Pastoral Care.</u> Vol XXXVI,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>No 4 (1982) 255-264.</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Hunter, Rodney, ed.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Dictionary of Pastoral Care and</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Counselling.</u> (Nashville: Abingdon&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Press, 1990).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">McClung, Floyd,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Seeing the City with the Eyes of God.</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>(New York: Chosen Books, 1991).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Macquarrie, John,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Principles of Christian Theology.</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>(London: SCM Press, 1977).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Messer, Donald, E.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Contemporary Images of Christian</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Ministry.</u> (Nashville: Abingdon Press,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>1989).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Stone, Howard, W.&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;
          </span><u>The Word of God and Pastoral Care.</u>&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>(Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1988).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Taylor, Harold,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Tend My Sheep.</u> (Trowbridge: SPCK,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>1983).</p>
          <p class="LeftAligned">Wicks, Robert, et.al <u>Clinical Handbook of Pastoral</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span><u>Counselling.</u> (New York: Paulist&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
          </span>Books, 1985).</p>
          <hr align="center" size="1" width="33%">
<div class="h2">Footnotes.</div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[1]</span></sup></span></a><span style="font-family:Symbol">
            </span>The writer of Hebrews uses &quot;<span style="font-family:Symbol">leitourgoV</span>&quot;
    to describe the role of Jesus: One who ministers or serves at their own
    expense.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[2]</span></sup></span></a>
    Walter A. Elwell, ed. <u>Evangelical Dictionary of Theology.</u> (Grand
    Rapids: Baker Bookhouse, 1994) p 721: Ministry is defined as, &quot;the
    edification of individuals with a view toward corporate maturity in
    Christ&quot;.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[3]</span></sup></span></a>
    J.T. Holland, &quot;Jesus, A Model for Ministry.&quot; <u>The Journal of
    Pastoral Care.</u> Vol XXXVI, No 4 (1982) 255.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[4]</span></sup></span></a>
    Holland, 255f.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[5]</span></sup></span></a>
    Dietrich Bonhoeffer, <u>Spiritual Care.</u> (translated by Jay C. Rochelle:
    Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985) 10.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[6]</span></sup></span></a>
    Holland, 258.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[7]</span></sup></span></a>
    Howard Clinebell, <u>Basic Types of Pastoral Care and Counselling.</u>
    (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1984)67.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[8]</span></sup></span></a>
    Harold Taylor, <u>Tend My Sheep.</u> (Trowbridge: SPCK, 1983) 15.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[9]</span></sup></span></a>
    Robert Wicks, et.al <u>Clinical Handbook of Pastoral<span style="mso-spacerun:
yes">&nbsp; </span>Counselling.</u> (New York: Paulist Books, 1985) 12. Donald
    Browning put it this way: &quot;Pastoral Counsellors are more truly helpful
    in mediating transformative qualities- more truly able to increase a sense
    of self-cohesion, initiative, and freedom in those they help if they are
    sensitive to and able to address the actual developmental and environmental
    blocks, conflicts and ambivalence’s that are undercutting a person's
    capacities&quot;.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[10]</span></sup></span></a>
    Millard J. Erickson, <u>Christian Theology.</u> (Grand Rapids: Baker
    Bookhouse, 1985) 708.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[11]</span></sup></span></a>
    Howard W. Stone, <u>The Word of God and Pastoral Care.</u> (Nashville:
    Abingdon Press, 1988) 138. Stone points out that the carer must have an
    understanding of their own self as well as helping others to find that same
    understanding.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[12]</span></sup></span></a>
    Holland, p 262f.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[13]</span></sup></span></a>
    Alastair V. Campbell, <u>Rediscovering Pastoral Care.</u> (Darton Longman
    &amp; Todd: London, 1995) 17. Taylor, 9f.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[14]</span></sup></span></a>
    Seward Hiltner, <u>The Christian Shepherd.</u> (Nashville: Abingdon Press,
    1980) 28ff.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[15]</span></sup></span></a>
    Campbell, 24.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[16]</span></sup></span></a>
    Harville Hendricks, “Pastoral Counselling: In Search of a New Paradigm”.
            <u>Pastoral Psychology. </u>Volume 25 Number 3 (1977) 158.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[17]</span></sup></span></a>
    Jay E. Adams, <u>Shepherding God's Flock.</u> (Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
    1975) 6.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[18]</span></sup></span></a>
    Hiltner, 28.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[19]</span></sup></span></a>
    Taylor, 13.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[20]</span></sup></span></a>
    Campbell, 29.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[21]</span></sup></span></a>
    Taylor, 8.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[22]</span></sup></span></a>
    Taylor, 9.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[23]</span></sup></span></a>
    Taylor 11.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn24">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[24]</span></sup></span></a>
    Rodney Hunter, ed. <u>Dictionary of Pastoral Care and Counselling.</u>
    (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1990) 1164.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn25">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[25]</span></sup></span></a>
    Paul Bernier, <u>Ministry in the Church.</u> (Mystic, Connecticut: Twenty
    Third Publications, 1992) 270 ff.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn26">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[26]</span></sup></span></a>
    Bernier, 279 ff.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn27">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[27]</span></sup></span></a>
    Hunter, 573. To quote C.V. Gerkin, Incarnational Pastoral Care is “a
    theologically descriptive term utilised by some pastoral care theorists to
    designate one or more of the following meanings: (a) the intentional effort
    of the Pastor symbolically to embody in the pastoral relationship to persons
    a relationship analogous to the incarnation of God in the human Jesus; (b)
    the recognition that pastoral care relationships may on occasion mediate the
    love of God to the recipient of pastoral care in that the pastor’s love
    speaks of the greater love of God; (c) the care of the entire faithful
    Christian community for one another and for the world as the response of the
    people of God to the admonition of Jesus to the disciples to carry on his
    work in his spirit; (d) pastoral care which seeks to engender in persons the
    capacity to be open to signs and symbols of God’s disclosure in the events
    of everyday life”.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn28">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[28]</span></sup></span></a>
    Hunter, 1164.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn29">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[29]</span></sup></span></a>
    Herbert Anderson, “Incarnation and Pastoral Care”. <u>Pastoral
    Psychology.</u> Volume 32 No 4. (1984) 241. Hunter, 1164. Both writers link
    the incarnational approach to Pastoral Care with shepherding and Jesus.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn30">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[30]</span></sup></span></a>
    John Macquarrie, <u>Principles of Christian Theology.</u> (London: SCM
    Press, 1977) 143. Here Macquarrie states: “In the central Christian
    Doctrine of the incarnation, it is a person who becomes the symbol of being,
    the revelation of God”.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn31">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn31" href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[31]</span></sup></span></a>
    Anderson, 241.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn32">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn32" href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[32]</span></sup></span></a>
    Anderson, 242f.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn33">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[33]</span></sup></span></a>
    Anderson, 242.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn34">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn34" href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[34]</span></sup></span></a>
    Anderson, 242.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn35">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn35" href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[35]</span></sup></span></a>
    Floyd McClung, <u>Seeing the City with the Eyes of God.</u> (New York:
    Chosen Books, 1991) 103ff.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn36">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn36" href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[36]</span></sup></span></a>
    McClung, 105.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn37">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn37" href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[37]</span></sup></span></a>
    McClung, 106.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn38">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn38" href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[38]</span></sup></span></a>
    McClung, 107.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn39">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn39" href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[39]</span></sup></span></a>
    Harriet Hill, “Incarnational Ministry: A Critical Examination”. <u>Evangelical
    Missions Quarterly.</u> Volume 26 (1990) 196.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn40">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn40" href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[40]</span></sup></span></a>
    Hill, 198ff.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn41">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn41" href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[41]</span></sup></span></a>
    Donald E. Messer. <u>Contemporary Images of Pastoral Care.</u> (Nashville:
    Abingdon Press, 1989) Noted to help make the point about this area of
    discussion only.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn42">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn42" href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[42]</span></sup></span></a>
    Hendricks, 158.</p>
          </div>
          <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn43">
            <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn43" href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-text-raise: 0pt">[43]</span></sup></span></a>
    W. Clebsch &amp; C. Jaekle, <u>Pastoral Care in Historical Perspective.</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
            </span>(New York: Harper and Row, 1964) 8-9. Their definition : “The
    ministry of the cure of souls, or Pastoral care, consists of helping acts,
    done by caring persons, directed towards the healing, sustaining, guiding
    and reconciling of troubled persons whose troubles arise in the context of
    ultimate meanings and concerns”.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
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